Which of the following refers to a formal written statement made by a witness in a court case?

The correct answer is the term that best describes a formal written statement made by a witness in a court case, which is known as a deposition. A deposition is a legal process in which a witness provides sworn testimony outside of the courtroom, usually in the presence of legal representatives from both sides. This testimony is recorded and transcribed, serving as a valuable piece of evidence that can be used during the trial.

A deposition allows attorneys to gather information and assess the witness's testimony before the trial occurs. It is particularly important because it helps to prepare both the prosecution and defense for the case and can highlight any discrepancies or confirmations regarding the witness's account of events.

While there are other terms like affidavit, declaration, and testimony, each has specific meanings that do not fit the context of a formal written statement given under oath during the discovery phase of litigation as encapsulated by a deposition. An affidavit is a written statement made under oath but is typically used for different purposes, such as to affirm certain facts for the court. Testimony refers to evidence given orally by a witness under oath during a trial, and a declaration generally serves the purpose of documenting statements but may not always be sworn under oath. Hence, in the context of a formal written statement made by a